Program Arduino

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#donluc #sound #simplekeyboard #synthesizer #555 #programming #arduino #fritzing #electronics #microcontrollers #consultant #vlog

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It is 2015 an microcontroller-based (Arduino), 2 x 555 timer IC music synthesizer. It will be both a hardware and a software synthesizer.

DL2011Mk02

1 x Arduino Pro Mini 328 – 3.3V/8MHz
16 x Tactile Button
4 x 1K Potentiometer
4 x Knob
1 x Audio Jack 3.5mm
1 x SparkFun Audio Jack Breakout
1 x Hamburger Mini Speaker
2 x 555 Timer IC
1 x SparkFun Cerberus USB Cable
1 x SparkFun FTDI Basic Breakout – 3.3V
Etc…

Arduino Pro Mini 328 – 3.3V/8MHz

SPK – Digital 11
KY2 – Digital 2
KY3 – Digital 3
KY4 – Digital 4
KY5 – Digital 5
KY6 – Digital 6
KY7 – Digital 7
KY8 – Digital 8
KY9 – Digital 9
PO1 – Analog A2
VIN – +3.3V
GND – GND

DL2011Mk02p.ino

// ***** Don Luc Electronics © *****
// Software Version Information
// Project #16: Sound - Synthesizer - Mk08
// 11-02
// DL2011Mk02p.ino 16-08
// 1 x Arduino Pro Mini 328 - 3.3V/8MHz
// 16 x Tactile Button
// 4 x 1K Potentiometer
// 4 x Knob
// 1 x Audio Jack 3.5mm
// 1 x SparkFun Audio Jack Breakout
// 1 x Hamburger Mini Speaker
// 2 x 555 Timer IC 
// 1 x SparkFun Cerberus USB Cable
// 1 x SparkFun FTDI Basic Breakout - 3.3V
// Etc...

// Include the Library Code
// Pitches
#include "pitches.h"
// Waveform - Chimes
#include "chimes.h"
using namespace Chimes;
// Sum of ADSR values must not exceed 100%
uint8_t envelope[] = {
  0,  // Attack[%]
  20, // Decay[%]
  0,  // Sustain[%]
  80, // Release[%]
  15  // Sustain Level 1..32
};

// Simple Keyboard
// Minimum reading of the button that generates a note
const int iKeyboard2 = 2;
const int iKeyboard3 = 3;
const int iKeyboard4 = 4;
const int iKeyboard5 = 5;
const int iKeyboard6 = 6;
const int iKeyboard7 = 7;
const int iKeyboard8 = 8;
const int iKeyboard9 = 9; 
// Button is pressed
int aa = 1;
int bb = 1;
int cc = 1;
int dd = 1;
int ee = 1;
int ff = 1;
int gg = 1;
int hh = 1;

// Frequency
int iCap = A2;
int iFreg = 0;
int iNoteA = 0;
int iNoteB = 0;
int iNoteC = 0;
int iNoteD = 0;
int iNoteE = 0;
int iNoteF = 0;
int iNoteG = 0;
int iNoteAA = 0;

// Software Version Information
String sver = "16-08";

void loop() {

  // Rotary Switch
  //isRotary();
  
  // Frequency
  isPitches();
  
  // Keyboard
  isKeyboard();
  
}

chimes.cpp

/*This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. 
To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en */

#include 
#include "chimes.h"

#define ISR_CYCLE 16 //16s

char strbuf[255];
uint16_t ADSR_default[] = {0, 0, 100, 0, MAX_VOLUME};
uint16_t ADSR_env[5];
uint16_t nSamples; //Number of samples in Array
uint8_t adsrPhase;
uint32_t tPeriod;
uint8_t *samples; //Array with samples
uint8_t *_envelope, _waveform, _duty_cycle;
uint16_t &_sustain_lvl = ADSR_env[4];

enum ADSR_phase
{
	ATTACK,
	DECAY,
	SUSTAIN,
	RELEASE
};

namespace Chimes
{
void init(uint8_t waveform, uint8_t duty_cycle, uint8_t *envelope)
{
	Serial.begin(115200);
	//PWM Signal generation
	DDRB |= (1 << PB3) + (1 << PB0);				  //OC2A, Pin 11
	TCCR2A = (1 << WGM21) + (1 << WGM20);			  //Fast PWM
	TCCR2A |= (0 << COM2A0) + (1 << COM2A1);		  //Set OC2A on compare match, clear OC2A at BOTTOM,(inverting mode).
	TCCR2B = (0 << CS22) + (0 << CS21) + (1 << CS20); //No Prescaling
	samples = (uint8_t *)malloc(0);
	_waveform = waveform;
	_duty_cycle = duty_cycle;
	_envelope = envelope;
}

void play(uint16_t freq, uint16_t duration)
{
	uint8_t waveform = _waveform;
	//Init adsr according to the length of the note
	for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
	{
		if (_envelope)
		{
			ADSR_env[i] = (uint32_t)_envelope[i] * duration / 100;
		}
		else
		{
			ADSR_env[i] = (uint32_t)ADSR_default[i] * duration / 100;
		}
		//Serial.println(ADSR_env[i]);
	}
	ADSR_env[4] = _envelope ? _envelope[4] : MAX_VOLUME;
	//Serial.println(ADSR_env[4]);

	if (freq == 0)
	{ //Pause
		tPeriod = ISR_CYCLE * 100;
		waveform = PAUSE;
	}
	else
		tPeriod = 1E6 / freq;

	nSamples = tPeriod / ISR_CYCLE;
	realloc(samples, nSamples);
	uint16_t nDuty = (_duty_cycle * nSamples) / 100;

	switch (waveform)
	{
	case SINE: //Sinewave
		for (int i = 0; i < nSamples; i++)
		{
			samples[i] = 128 + 127 * sin(2 * PI * i / nSamples);
		}
		break;

	case TRI: //Triangle
		for (int16_t i = 0; i < nSamples; i++)
		{
			if (i < nDuty)
			{
				samples[i] = 255 * (double)i / nDuty; //Rise
			}
			else
			{
				samples[i] = 255 * (1 - (double)(i - nDuty) / (nSamples - nDuty)); //Fall
			}
		}
		break;
	case RECT: //Rectangle
		for (int16_t i = 0; i < nSamples; i++)
		{
			i < nDuty ? samples[i] = 255 : samples[i] = 0;
		}
		break;
	case PAUSE: //Rectangle
		memset(samples, 0, nSamples);
	}
	TIMSK2 = (1 << TOIE2);
	/*for(uint16_t i = 0; i < nSamples; i++) {
		sprintf(strbuf, "%d: %d", i, samples[i]);
		Serial.println(strbuf);
	}*/
}

//Returns true, while note is playing
boolean isPlaying()
{
	return (1 << TOIE2) & TIMSK2;
}
} // namespace Chimes

//Called every 16s, when TIMER1 overflows
ISR(TIMER2_OVF_vect)
{
	static uint32_t adsr_timer, adsr_time;
	static uint16_t cnt; //Index counter
	static uint8_t sustain_lvl, vol;

	//Set OCR2A to the next value in sample array, this will change the duty cycle accordingly
	OCR2A = vol * samples[cnt] / MAX_VOLUME;
	if (cnt < nSamples - 1)
	{
		cnt++;
	}
	else
	{
		cnt = 0;
		adsr_timer += tPeriod;
		if (adsr_timer >= 10000)
		{ //every 10 millisecond
			adsr_timer = 0;

			switch (adsrPhase)
			{
			case ATTACK:
				if (ADSR_env[ATTACK])
				{
					vol = MAX_VOLUME * (float)adsr_time / ADSR_env[ATTACK];
					if (vol == MAX_VOLUME)
					{ //Attack phase over
						adsrPhase = DECAY;
						adsr_time = 0;
					}
				}
				else
				{
					adsrPhase = DECAY;
					vol = MAX_VOLUME;
					adsr_time = 0;
				}
				break;

			case DECAY:
				if (ADSR_env[DECAY])
				{
					sustain_lvl = _sustain_lvl;
					vol = MAX_VOLUME - (MAX_VOLUME - _sustain_lvl) * (float)adsr_time / ADSR_env[DECAY];
					if (vol <= sustain_lvl)
					{
						adsr_time = 0;
						adsrPhase = SUSTAIN;
					}
				}
				else
				{
					adsrPhase = SUSTAIN;
					sustain_lvl = MAX_VOLUME;
					adsr_time = 0;
				}
				break;

			case SUSTAIN:
				if (adsr_time > ADSR_env[SUSTAIN])
				{
					adsrPhase = RELEASE;
					adsr_time = 0;
				}

				break;
			case RELEASE:
				if (ADSR_env[RELEASE])
				{
					vol = sustain_lvl * (1 - (float)adsr_time / ADSR_env[RELEASE]);
					if (vol == 0)
					{ //Attack phase over
						adsr_time = 0;
						TIMSK2 = (0 << TOIE2);
						adsrPhase = ATTACK;
					}
				}
				else
				{
					adsrPhase = ATTACK;
					vol = 0;
					adsr_time = 0;
					TIMSK2 = (0 << TOIE2);
				}
				break;
			}
			adsr_time += 10;
		}
	}
}

chimes.h

/*This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. 
To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en */

#ifndef CHIMES_H
#define CHIMES_H
#include "Arduino.h"

enum waveform
{
	SINE, //Sinus
	RECT, //Triangle
	TRI,  //Rectangle
	PAUSE //Internal, do not use
};
#define MAX_VOLUME 32

namespace Chimes
{
void init(uint8_t waveform = SINE, uint8_t duty_cycle = 50, uint8_t *envelope = NULL);
void play(uint16_t freq, uint16_t duration);

//Returns true while note is playing
boolean isPlaying();
} // namespace Chimes

#endif

getKeyboard.ino

// getKeyboard
// setupKeyboard
void setupKeyboard() {

  // Initialize the pushbutton pin as an input
  pinMode(iKeyboard2, INPUT_PULLUP);
  pinMode(iKeyboard3, INPUT_PULLUP);
  pinMode(iKeyboard4, INPUT_PULLUP);
  pinMode(iKeyboard5, INPUT_PULLUP);
  pinMode(iKeyboard6, INPUT_PULLUP);
  pinMode(iKeyboard7, INPUT_PULLUP);
  pinMode(iKeyboard8, INPUT_PULLUP);
  pinMode(iKeyboard9, INPUT_PULLUP);
 
}
// isKeyboard
void isKeyboard() {

  // Read the state of the pushbutton value
  if ( digitalRead(iKeyboard2) == LOW ) {

    // Button is pressed - pullup keeps pin high normally
    aa = aa + 1;
    // Waveform
    isPlaying();
    play(iNoteA, 500);
    
  }
  else
  {
    
    aa = aa - 1;
    
  }    

  // Read the state of the pushbutton value
  if ( digitalRead(iKeyboard3) == LOW ) {

    // Button is pressed - pullup keeps pin high normally
    bb = bb + 1;
    // Waveform
    isPlaying();
    play(iNoteB, 500);
    
  }
  else
  {
    
    bb = bb - 1;
    
  }

  // Read the state of the pushbutton value
  if ( digitalRead(iKeyboard4) == LOW ) {

    // Button is pressed - pullup keeps pin high normally
    cc = cc + 1;
    // Waveform
    isPlaying();
    play(iNoteC, 500);
    
  }
  else
  {
    
    cc = cc - 1;
    
  }

  // Read the state of the pushbutton value
  if ( digitalRead(iKeyboard5) == LOW ) {

    // Button is pressed - pullup keeps pin high normally
    dd = dd + 1;
    // Waveform
    isPlaying();
    play(iNoteD, 500);
    
  }
  else
  {
    
    dd = dd - 1;
    
  }
  
  // Read the state of the pushbutton value
  if ( digitalRead(iKeyboard6) == LOW ) {

    // Button is pressed - pullup keeps pin high normally
    ee = ee + 1;
    // Waveform
    isPlaying();
    play(iNoteE, 500);
    
  }
  else
  {
    
    ee = ee - 1;
    
  }

  // Read the state of the pushbutton value
  if ( digitalRead(iKeyboard7) == LOW ) {

    // Button is pressed - pullup keeps pin high normally
    ff = ff + 1;
    // Waveform
    isPlaying();
    play(iNoteF, 500);
    
  }
  else
  {
    
    ff = ff - 1;
    
  }

  // Read the state of the pushbutton value
  if ( digitalRead(iKeyboard8) == LOW ) {

    // Button is pressed - pullup keeps pin high normally
    gg = gg + 1;
    // Waveform
    isPlaying();
    play(iNoteG, 500);
    
  }
  else
  {
    
    gg = gg - 1;
    
  }

  // Read the state of the pushbutton value
  if ( digitalRead(iKeyboard9) == LOW ) {

    // Button is pressed - pullup keeps pin high normally
    hh = hh + 1;
    // Waveform
    isPlaying();
    play(iNoteAA, 500);
    
  }
  else
  {
    
    hh = hh - 1;
    
  }

  // Waveform
  isPlaying();
  play(0, 50);

}

getPitches.ino

// Pitches
// isPitches
void isPitches(){
  
  // Frequency
  iFreg = analogRead(iCap);
  iFreg = map(iFreg, 0, 1023, 1, 6);

  // Range Frequency Note Low => High
  switch ( iFreg ) {
    case 1:
      // NOTE A1
      iNoteA = NOTE_A1;
      iNoteB = NOTE_B1;
      iNoteC = NOTE_C2;
      iNoteD = NOTE_D2;
      iNoteE = NOTE_E2;
      iNoteF = NOTE_F2;
      iNoteG = NOTE_G2;
      iNoteAA = NOTE_A2;
      break;
    case 2:
      // NOTE A2
      iNoteA = NOTE_A2;
      iNoteB = NOTE_B2;
      iNoteC = NOTE_C3;
      iNoteD = NOTE_D3;
      iNoteE = NOTE_E3;
      iNoteF = NOTE_F3;
      iNoteG = NOTE_G3;
      iNoteAA = NOTE_A3;
      break;
    case 3:
      // NOTE A3
      iNoteA = NOTE_A3;
      iNoteB = NOTE_B3;
      iNoteC = NOTE_C4;
      iNoteD = NOTE_D4;
      iNoteE = NOTE_E4;
      iNoteF = NOTE_F4;
      iNoteG = NOTE_G4;
      iNoteAA = NOTE_A4;
      break;
    case 4:
      // NOTE A4
      iNoteA = NOTE_A4;
      iNoteB = NOTE_B4;
      iNoteC = NOTE_C5;
      iNoteD = NOTE_D5;
      iNoteE = NOTE_E5;
      iNoteF = NOTE_F5;
      iNoteG = NOTE_G5;
      iNoteAA = NOTE_A5;
      break;
    case 5:
      // NOTE A5
      iNoteA = NOTE_A5;
      iNoteB = NOTE_B5;
      iNoteC = NOTE_C6;
      iNoteD = NOTE_D6;
      iNoteE = NOTE_E6;
      iNoteF = NOTE_F6;
      iNoteG = NOTE_G6;
      iNoteAA = NOTE_A6;
      break;
    case 6:
      // NOTE A6
      iNoteA = NOTE_A6;
      iNoteB = NOTE_B6;
      iNoteC = NOTE_C7;
      iNoteD = NOTE_D7;
      iNoteE = NOTE_E7;
      iNoteF = NOTE_F7;
      iNoteG = NOTE_G7;
      iNoteAA = NOTE_A7;
      break;
  }
  
}

pitches.h

/*****************************************************************
 * Pitches NOTE_B0 <=> NOTE_DS8 - NOTE_A4 is "A" measured at 440Hz
 *****************************************************************/

#define NOTE_B0  31
#define NOTE_C1  33
#define NOTE_CS1 35
#define NOTE_D1  37
#define NOTE_DS1 39
#define NOTE_E1  41
#define NOTE_F1  44
#define NOTE_FS1 46
#define NOTE_G1  49
#define NOTE_GS1 52
#define NOTE_A1  55
#define NOTE_AS1 58
#define NOTE_B1  62
#define NOTE_C2  65
#define NOTE_CS2 69
#define NOTE_D2  73
#define NOTE_DS2 78
#define NOTE_E2  82
#define NOTE_F2  87
#define NOTE_FS2 93
#define NOTE_G2  98
#define NOTE_GS2 104
#define NOTE_A2  110
#define NOTE_AS2 117
#define NOTE_B2  123
#define NOTE_C3  131
#define NOTE_CS3 139
#define NOTE_D3  147
#define NOTE_DS3 156
#define NOTE_E3  165
#define NOTE_F3  175
#define NOTE_FS3 185
#define NOTE_G3  196
#define NOTE_GS3 208
#define NOTE_A3  220
#define NOTE_AS3 233
#define NOTE_B3  247
#define NOTE_C4  262
#define NOTE_CS4 277
#define NOTE_D4  294
#define NOTE_DS4 311
#define NOTE_E4  330
#define NOTE_F4  349
#define NOTE_FS4 370
#define NOTE_G4  392
#define NOTE_GS4 415
#define NOTE_A4  440
#define NOTE_AS4 466
#define NOTE_B4  494
#define NOTE_C5  523
#define NOTE_CS5 554
#define NOTE_D5  587
#define NOTE_DS5 622
#define NOTE_E5  659
#define NOTE_F5  698
#define NOTE_FS5 740
#define NOTE_G5  784
#define NOTE_GS5 831
#define NOTE_A5  880
#define NOTE_AS5 932
#define NOTE_B5  988
#define NOTE_C6  1047
#define NOTE_CS6 1109
#define NOTE_D6  1175
#define NOTE_DS6 1245
#define NOTE_E6  1319
#define NOTE_F6  1397
#define NOTE_FS6 1480
#define NOTE_G6  1568
#define NOTE_GS6 1661
#define NOTE_A6  1760
#define NOTE_AS6 1865
#define NOTE_B6  1976
#define NOTE_C7  2093
#define NOTE_CS7 2217
#define NOTE_D7  2349
#define NOTE_DS7 2489
#define NOTE_E7  2637
#define NOTE_F7  2794
#define NOTE_FS7 2960
#define NOTE_G7  3136
#define NOTE_GS7 3322
#define NOTE_A7  3520
#define NOTE_AS7 3729
#define NOTE_B7  3951
#define NOTE_C8  4186
#define NOTE_CS8 4435
#define NOTE_D8  4699
#define NOTE_DS8 4978

setup.ino

// Setup
void setup() {

  // Setup Keyboard
  setupKeyboard();

  // Waveform
  init(

    // SINE, TRI and RECT
    SINE,
    // Duty cycle 0..100%, only matters for Triangle and Rectangle 
    50,
    // Envelope
  envelope);
 
}

Technology Experience

• Single-Board Microcontrollers (PIC, Arduino, Raspberry Pi,Espressif, etc...)
• Robotics
• Research & Development (R & D)
• Desktop Applications (Windows, OSX, Linux, Multi-OS, Multi-Tier, etc...)
• Mobile Applications (Android, iOS, Blackberry, Windows Mobile, Windows CE, etc...)
• Web Applications (LAMP, Scripting, Java, ASP, ASP.NET, RoR, Wakanda, etc...)
• Social Media Programming & Integration (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Pinterest, etc...)
• Content Management Systems (WordPress, Drupal, Joomla, Moodle, etc...)
• Bulletin Boards (phpBB, SMF, Vanilla, jobberBase, etc...)
• eCommerce (WooCommerce, OSCommerce, ZenCart, PayPal Shopping Cart, etc...)

Instructor

• Arduino
• Raspberry Pi
• Espressif
• Robotics
• DOS, Windows, OSX, Linux, iOS, Android, Multi-OS
• Linux-Apache-PHP-MySQL

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J. Luc Paquin – Curriculum Vitae
https://www.donluc.com/DLHackster/LucPaquinCVEngMk2020a.pdf

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Don Luc